Depressive disorder can be characterized by things such as persistent sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities, and a range of emotional and physical symptoms. It affects how individuals feel, think, and function in daily life. Globally, over 280 million people are estimated to experience depression, and in the United States, approximately 8.3% of adults report a major depressive episode each year. Depression can occur at any age and may be triggered by genetic, biological, environmental, or psychological factors. Subtypes include major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and depression with atypical features.

Depression, Trauma, and PTSD
Depression often coexists with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially among individuals exposed to events such as abuse, combat, or sudden loss. Traumatic experiences can heighten vulnerability to depressive symptoms, and overlapping features—like sleep disruption, emotional numbness, and withdrawal—can complicate diagnosis and recovery. While PTSD centers on trauma-specific symptoms, depression reflects sustained low mood and loss of interest. Many treatment approaches, including therapy and medication, address both conditions simultaneously.

Symptoms of Depression

• Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness

• Loss of interest or pleasure in most activities

• Fatigue or lack of energy, even after rest

• Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things

• Changes in appetite or weight (increase or decrease)

• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)

• Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or self-blame

• Irritability, restlessness, or slowed movements and speech

• Physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive issues, or chronic pain

• Thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts

Impacts of Depression

• Impaired functioning in work, school, and daily responsibilities

• Disruption of sleep, appetite, and self-care routines

• Increased social withdrawal and isolation

• Strained relationships due to emotional unavailability or irritability

• Heightened risk for comorbid conditions

• Physical health consequences including weakened immune response and chronic pain

• Reduced motivation, self-esteem, and sense of purpose

• Overall decline in quality of life and well-being

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